🌍 Introduction
The UNFCCC Synthesis Report, 2025 on Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) highlights a concerning shortfall in global efforts to limit global warming to 1.5°C, as per the Paris Agreement (2015).
Under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, NDCs represent each country’s national pledge to cut greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change.
📊 Key Findings of the UNFCCC NDC Synthesis Report 2025
- Global Coverage:
A total of 64 Parties have submitted updated NDCs, covering around 30% of global emissions (based on 2019 data). - Shortfall in Emission Reductions:
To achieve the 1.5°C goal, global emissions must decline by 60% by 2035.
However, the current NDCs are projected to achieve only a 17% reduction by that year. - Record Greenhouse Gas Levels:
The WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (2024) reported record-high atmospheric concentrations of- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
- Methane (CH₄)
- Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)
🔍 Other Key Highlights
1. Emission Trajectories
New NDCs suggest a peak in global GHG emissions followed by gradual reductions until 2035.
2. Scope and Coverage
The quality and credibility of NDCs have improved, with 89% of Parties now including economy-wide targets, compared to 81% earlier.
3. Conditionality Gap
Many mitigation actions such as afforestation, reforestation, and solar energy adoption show high conditionality, depending heavily on external finance and support.
4. Private Finance Challenges
Mobilizing private sector finance remains difficult due to low profitability and high investment risks in climate projects.
🇮🇳 India’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), 2022
India submitted its Updated First NDC in August 2022, reaffirming its commitment to sustainable growth and clean energy.
Key 2030 Targets:
- Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45% from 2005 levels.
- Achieve about 50% cumulative installed electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy sources.
- Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent through expanded forest and tree cover.
🌱 Conclusion
The UNFCCC NDC Synthesis Report 2025 makes it clear: while progress is evident, global ambition is still insufficient to keep the world on track for the 1.5°C target.
To bridge this climate ambition gap, countries must:
✅ Strengthen financial and technological cooperation
✅ Accelerate renewable energy adoption
✅ Enhance domestic policy implementation
✅ Promote climate-resilient infrastructure
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