Ecological Succession (पारिस्थितिकी अनुक्रमण)
The process by which communities of plant and animal species in an area are replaced or changed into another over a period of time is known as ecological succession. The process involves a progressive series of changes with one community replacing another until a stable, mature, climax community develops. The first plant to colonize an area is called the pioneer community.
किसी क्षेत्र में समय के साथ पौधों और जानवरों की प्रजातियों के समुदायों को अन्य जानवरों की प्रजातियों द्वारा विस्थापित कर दिया जाता है या बदल दिया जाता है जिसे पारिस्थितिकी अनुक्रमण के रूप में जाना जाता है। इस प्रक्रिया में एक स्थिर, परिपक्व, चरमोत्कर्ष समुदाय के विकसित होने तक दूसरे समुदाय की जगह परिवर्तन की एक प्रगतिशील श्रृंखला शामिल है। किसी क्षेत्र को उपनिवेश बनाने वाला पहला संयंत्र अग्रणी समुदाय कहलाता है।
The final stage of succession is called the climax community.
अनुक्रमण की अंतिम स्टेज चरमोत्कर्ष समुदाय है|
A climax community is stable, mature, more complex and long-lasting. Community
एक चरमोत्कर्ष समुदाय स्थिर, परिपक्व, अधिक जटिल और लंबे समय तक चलने वाला होता है|
The stage leading to the climax community is called successional stages or seres.
चरमोत्कर्ष समुदाय तक पहुचाने वाले स्टेज को सीर या क्रमक कहते हैं |
Each transitional community that is formed and replaced during succession is called a stage in succession or a seral community.
Succession is characterized by the following: increased productivity, the shift of nutrients from the reservoirs, increased diversity of organisms, and a gradual increase in the complexity of food webs.
अनुक्रमण की निम्न प्रमुख विशेषताएं हैं- उत्पादन वृद्धि, पोषक तत्त्वों का उनके रिजर्वायर से स्थानांतरण, जैव विविधता में वृद्धि, आहार जाल की जटिलता में क्रमिक वृद्धि |
Succession would occur faster in areas existing in the middle of the large continent. This is because here seeds of plants belonging to the different seres would reach much faster.
Primary Succession (प्राथमिक अनुक्रमण)
- Primary succession takes place an over where no community has existed previously.
- प्राथमिक अनुक्रमण उस स्थान पर होता है जहा पहले कभी कोई समुदाय उपस्थित नहीं रहा हो |
- In primary succession on a terrestrial site, the new site is first colonised by a few hardy pioneer species that are often microbes, lichens and mosses.
- इसमें स्थल पर प्राथमिक रूप से सूक्ष्म जीव, काई, कवक इत्यादि पायनियर स्पीशीज होते हैं |
Secondary Succession
- Secondary succession is the sequential development of biotic communities after the complete or partial destruction of the existing community. द्वितीयक अनुक्रमण मौजूदा समुदाय के पूर्ण या आंशिक विनाश के बाद जैविक समुदायों का क्रमिक विकास है।
Practice Question:
| Q. Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of a) algae and bacteria b) algae and fungi c) bacteria and fungi d) fungi and mosses Explanation- Lichen are plant-like organisms that consist of a symbiotic association of algae (usually green) or cyanobacteria and fungi. Fungi provide shelter, water and minerals to the algae and, in return, the alga provides food. The pioneer species disappear as the habitat conditions change and the invasion of new species progresses. Answer: b) Algae and Fungi |
Difference Between Primary and Secondary Succession
(प्राथमिक और द्वितीयक अनुरमण में अंतर)
- Unlike the primary succession, the secondary succession starts on a well-developed soil already formed at the site. Thus, secondary succession is relatively faster.
- प्राथमिक अनुक्रमण की अपेक्षा द्वितीयक अनुक्रमण पहले से परिपक्व मृदा पर होता है जिसके फलस्वरूप द्वितीयक अनुक्रमण ज्यादा तीव्र गति से होता है |
Ecological Succession: Autogenic and Allogenic
- When succession is brought about by living inhabitants of that community itself, the process is called autogenic succession, while change brought about by outside forces is known as allogenic succession.
- Autogenic succession is driven by the biotic components of an ecosystem.
- Allogenic succession is driven by the abiotic components (fire, flood) of the ecosystem.
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