Poverty in India: Indices

Poverty in India is calculated through various indices. Prominent of these indices are the Global Hunger Index (GHI) and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which are discussed below:

Calculation of Poverty in India through MPI and GHI:

Dimensions-

• Health- Infant mortality rate,  Malnutrition
• Education- Enrollment Ratio, Year of passing
• Living standard- Flooring, Fuel, Electricity, Water, Toilets, Cooking fuel

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2. Global Hunger Index:-

Published by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

Dimensions-

1. % of Undernourished in total population
2. Child Wasting
3. Child Stunting
4. Children mortality rate under 5

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Poverty in India: Poverty Measurement in India:

1. The first step was taken by Dadabhai Naoroji in his book “Poverty and Un-British Rule in India” in 1901.

2. In Independent India, the concept of poverty was first introduced by the working group of the Planning Commission in 1962.

3. Taskforce considered the income of households as a basis to measure poverty in India.

4. Dandekar Rath Committee-Set up in 1971 • Recommended 2250 calorie/day energy intake as BPL line of India.

5. Y. K Alagh Committee-

• Committee was set up in 1979.
• For 1st-time the committee adopted the approach of calorie intake as
the basis of poverty measurement.
• For urban area limit was fixed at 2100 cal. and for the rural area, it
was fixed at 2400 cal.

6. Lakadawala Committee-

• Committee was set up in 1993-94.
• Apart from energy intake (as per the recommendation of the Alagh Committee) this committee also considered consumption expenditure.
• For urban area limit was fixed at 2100 cal. and for the rural area, it was fixed at 2400 cal.

7. Suresh Tendulkar Committee-

• As per the Tendulkar Committee report , 22% population of India is poor.

• It was Constituted by Planning Commission in 2005.

• Committee adopted the cost of living as the basis for identifying poverty. The committee considered the monthly expenditure of Education, Health, Electricity, and transport to measure the cost of living.

• Committee fixed daily per capita expenditure @ Rs. 27 for Rural and @ Rs. 33 for the urban areas.
However, all-around criticism led to the constitution of the C. Rangarajan Panel for poverty measurement in 2012.

The income of Rs. 972/month in Rural areas and Rs. 1407/month for Urban areas was estimated as the poverty line. As per the recommendation of this committee, 30% population of India is poor.

8. Arvind Pangariya Task Force

a) Set up in 2015 to determine the poverty line in a realistic manner.
b) Taskforce submitted reports in 2016 without any concrete decision.
c) Informally task force accepted recommendations of the Suresh Tendulkar Committee.

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Poverty in India: POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND EMPLOYMENT RELATED SCHEMES:

1. Integrated Rural Development Programme-

• First Introduced in 1978-79.
• The main objective of programme was to raise the income of targeted BPL families by creating opportunities for self-employment in rural India.

2. Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana-
   • It is another form of erstwhile Indira Awas Yojana.
   • In November 2016, P.M. Gramin Awas Yojana was launched from
   Agra city of U.P.
   • Objective of the scheme is to provide a house for every rural household
   living BPL by 2022.
3. Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana-
   • It is a restructured version of Jawahar Rojgar Yojana
   • Launched in 1999.

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